Textbook in PDF format Organic chemistry is a highly creative science in which chemists create new molecules and explore the properties of existing compounds. Organic compounds are all around us. They are central to the economic growth in the rubber, plastics, fuel, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, detergent, coatings, dyestuff, and agrichemical industries, to name a few. In organic chemistry, molecules that have similar properties (whether they are chemical or physical properties) are grouped together. The reason they have similar properties is because they have similar groups of atoms; these groups of atoms are called functional groups. Chemical properties involve one substance changing into another substance by reacting. An example of a chemical property is the ability of chlorine gas to react explosively when mixed with sodium. The chemical reaction creates a new substance, sodium chloride. Physical properties refer to different forms of a substance, but the substance remains the same; no chemical reaction or change to a new substance occurs. Some of the properties that the functional groups provide include polarity and acidity. For example, the functional group called carboxyl (-COOH) is a weak acid. Polarity refers to one end of a molecule having a charge (polar), and the other end having no charge (nonpolar). For example, the plasma membrane has hydrophilic heads on the outside that are polar, and the hydrophobic tails (which are nonpolar) form the inside of the plasma membrane. However, Inorganic Chemistry is not an isolated branch of chemistry. This core science is fully unified with other areas of chemistry such as organic, physical and analytical chemistry. It deals with the chemistry of all non-organic compounds, and mainly involves the chemistry of metals and especially transition metals. These elements play a crucial role in industrial catalytic processes that are required to produce substances and new materials at a rate far exceeding that of natural chemical reactions. Such catalytic processes can take place in solution or on the surface of solid materials and usually involve transition metal elements. Content Coverage Chapters One and Two are intended to present an overview of covalent bonding and functional groups, correspondingly. Covalent bonding includes many kinds of interactions, including σ-bonding, π-bonding, metal-to-metal bonding, agostic interactions, bent bonds, and three-center two-electron bonds. Chapters Three presents the information about nomenclature system of organic compounds. As organic chemistry grew and developed, many compounds were given trivial names, which are now commonly used and recognized.Chapters Four and Five include facts about the theory of organic reactions and organic synthesis, respectively. In organic synthesis, organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions. Chapter Six focuses on the theory of aromaticity used to describe a cyclic (ring-shaped), planar (flat) molecule with a ring of resonance bonds that exhibits more stability than other geometric or connective arrangements with the same set of atoms. Chapters Seven and Eight are intended to focus on chemical bonding and acid-Organic chemistry is a highly creative science in which chemists create new molecules and explore the properties of existing compounds. Chapter Nine aims to systematize the structures of inorganic solids - metal oxides, halides, sulfides, and related compounds - and develop some rules for which structures to expect based on electronegativity differences, hard-soft acid-base rules, and other periodic trends. Chapter Ten is aimed at redox stability and redox reactions. In terms of everyday life, redox reactions occur all of the time around us, such as, the metabolism of sugars to CO2, which stores energy in the form of ATP, is a redox reaction